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中评月刊:美国家安全战略视域与外空新方略

http://www.CRNTT.com   2024-03-25 00:02:20  


 
                      注释:

  〔1〕Artemis Program, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, https://www.nasa.gov/artemisprogram.

  〔2〕The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperationin the Civil Exploration and Useofthe Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purpose, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, October 13, 2020, https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf.

  〔3〕21世纪以来,美国对外空的利用与开发已进入以外空商业化和私有化为主要形态的“外空 2.0”时代。美国一些有名的文学作品包括小说《最后的边疆》(The Final Frontier)、影视作品《星际迷航》(Star Trek,又译作《星际旅行》)等,将外空称为“最后的边疆”,表达了对以高新科技实现人类探索遥远宇宙的愿景。

  〔4〕夏立平:《美国外空战略与中美外空博弈》,世界知识出版社,2015年9月版,第76页。

  〔5〕[美]丹尼尔·格雷厄姆:《高边疆——新的国家战略》(1982年),张健志译,军事科学出版社,1988年版,第5-7页。

  〔6〕JohnHamilton, "the final frontier", New York: Abdo Pub Co., 2003, pp.43; 张茗: 《迈向“外空 2.0”: 美国“新外空”的兴起》,载《世界经济与政治》,2016 年第 1 期,第 115- 139 页。

  〔7〕《外层空间条约》(全称《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其它天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》,Treaty on Principles Concerning the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies,简称《外层空间条约》Outer Space Treaty),1966年12月19日联合国大会通过,1967年1月27日开放供签署,1967年10月10日生效,永久有效期。现有条约签署国91个,已递交批准书国家62个,已加入国家36个。该条约是国际空间法的基础,规定了从事航天活动所应遵守的10项基本原则。1983年12月30日,中国加入《外层空间条约》。https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html.

  〔8〕《月球协定》(全称《管理各国在月球和其他天体上活动的协定》,Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,也简称《天体协定》), 16个缔约国包括:澳大利亚、比利时、奥地利、智利、哈萨克斯坦、科威特、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷兰、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾、沙特阿拉伯、土耳其、乌拉圭。法国、瓜地马拉、印度和罗马尼亚签署了该条约但尚未批准, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/intromoon-agreement.html.

  〔9〕Jim Bridenstine, "Funding a New Era of Exploration, Science and Discovery", Aerospace International, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 11, 2019, https://blogs.nasa.gov/bridenstine/2019/03/11/funding-a-new-era-of-exploration-science-and-discovery/.

  〔10〕114th U.S. Congress, "S.1297 - U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act", November 2015, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1297.

  〔11〕"NASA Administrator Statement on Return to Moon in Next Five Years", February 14, 2019, https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-administrator-statement-on-return-to-moon-in-next-five-years/.

  〔12〕Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources,The White House,April 6,2020,https//www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-encouraging-international-support-recovery-use-space-resources/.

  〔13〕马特·赫罗迪和特里·迈因奇:《无人拥有外太空,但太空采矿会改变这一现状吗?》,《外交政策》,《参考消息》2023年11月22日第7版转载。

  〔14〕〔44〕〔45〕National Security Strategy of the United States of America, White House, Washington, DC, the U.S., December, 2017 , https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.

  〔15〕同〔14〕, pp. 47-52, 

  〔16〕President Donald J. Trump is Unveiling an America First National Space Strategy, the White House, March 23, 2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-unveiling-americafirst-national-space-strategy/.

  〔17〕"President Trump Signs Space Policy Directive 1: Instructs NASA To Refocus On Manned Space Exploration", AERO New Network, December 13, 2017, http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=358b2151-e3e1-41b0-b921-bbf9d7d67fee.

  〔18〕〔19〕The Artemis Accords:Principles for Cooperationinthe Civil Explorationand Useofthe Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purpose(《阿耳忒弥斯协定》全称是《阿耳忒弥斯协定:出于和平目的 对月球、火星、彗星和小行星 进行民用探索和利用的合作原则》), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, October 13, 2020, https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html.

  〔20〕《关于营救航天员,送回航天员及送回射入外空之物体之协定》(《The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space》,简称《营救协定》,Rescue Agreement)。该协定是继1967年《外层空间条约》缔结之后,为补充该条约并使之更具体而签订的第一个协定。由联合国大会1967年12月19日通过,1968年4月22日开放签字,1968年12月3日开始生效。该协定规定包括各缔约国有义务:(1)对遭受意外的宇航员给予尽可能的救助并将其立即安全送还该航天器登记国;(2)就宇航员遭受之意外通知发射当局和联合国秘书长;(3)将射入外层空间的实体或其组成部分依发射当局的要求归还该当局。且缔约国有权请求发射当局支付为履行保护和归还空间实体或其组成部分之义务花费的费用等。中国1988年12月14日加入该协定, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introrescueagreement.html.

  〔21〕《关于登记发射外层空间物体的公约》(Convention on registration of objects launched into outer space, 简称《登记公约》,Registration Convention),1975年1月14日在纽约联合国总部开放签署,1976年9月15日生效。该协定规定,发射国发射的一个物体进入或越出地球轨道时,发射当局不仅必须在发射国登记,还应向联合国秘书长登记。中国1988年11月8日加入该协定, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introregistration-convention.html.

  〔22〕2007年联合国和平利用外层空间委员会制定《空间碎片缓减准则》(Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space),该准则经过联合国大会核可,虽然该文件不具有法律强制性,但得到了联合国成员国的广泛认可, https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/st_space_49E.pdf.

  〔23〕"NASA and Seven Countries Sign the Artemis Accords for the Exploration of the Moon. Russia Declined to Participate", Universe Today, October 13, 2020, https://www.universetoday.com/148389/nasa-and-seven-countries-sign-the-artemis-accords-for-the-exploration-of-the-moon-russia-declined-to-participate/.

  〔24〕National Security Strategy,The White House,October 2022, pp.1 and 11, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2202.pdf.

  〔25〕Vice President Harris Announces Initiatives on Space and Cybersecurity, the White House, November 10, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/10/fact-sheet-vice-president-harris-announces-initiatives-on-space-and-cybersecurity/.

  〔26〕〔27〕〔28〕 United States Space Priorities Framework, the White House, December 1, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/United-States-Space-Priorities-Framework-_-December-1-2021.pdf.

  〔29〕In-space Servicing, Assembly and Manufacturing National Strategy, the Executive Office of the President of the United States, April 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/04-2022-ISAM-National-Strategy-Final.pdf.

  〔30〕National Cislunar Science & Technology Strategy, the Executive Office of the President of the United States, April 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/.../2022/11/11-2022-NSTC-National-Cislunar-ST-Strategy.pdf.

  〔31〕〔32〕A Strategic Framework for Space Diplomacy, the State Department of the U.S., May 2023, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Space-Framework-Clean-2-May-2023-Final-Updated-Accessible-5.25.2023.pdf.

  〔33〕The President's Budget for Fiscal Year 2023,the White House, March 28, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/briefing-room/2022/03/28/fact-sheet-the-presidents-budget-for-fiscal-year-2023/.

  〔34〕United Nations General Assembly, "Treaty on Principles Concerning the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies", December 19, 1966, https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/5181.htm.

  〔35〕National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperationinthe Civil Exploration and Useofthe Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purpose,"October 13, 2020, https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf.

  〔36〕联合国和平利用外层空间委员会(COPUOS)是根据1959年联大第1472号决议建立的,简称外空委,现有包括中国在内的92个成员国。联合国维也纳办事处外空司是外空委的秘书处。外空委的宗旨是制定和平利用的原则和规章,促进各国在和平利用领域的合作,研究与探索和利用有关的科技问题和可能产生的法律问题。

  〔37〕卢森堡2016年出台政策,由政府为外空开发企业报销45%的研发费用,并设立了2亿欧元的外空开发基金,对外空采矿企业进行战略投资;2017年通过《探索与利用空间资源法》,实施外空资源开发的国家许可制度。

  〔38〕Jim Bridenstine, "Celebrating Our Artemis Naming Anniversary", Aerospace International, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 11, 2019, https://blogs.nasa.gov/bridenstine/2020/05/.

  〔39〕〔43〕"A Review of the President's Fiscal Year 2023 Funding Request for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation", Subcommittee Hearing, United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, May 3, 2022, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-presidents-fiscal-year-2023-funding-request-for-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-and-the-national-science-foundation.

  〔40〕Elizabeth Howell, "Bill Nelson pledges action on Artemis, Mars and China in 1st hearing as NASA chief", Space, May 20, 2021, https://www.space.com/nasa-administrator-bill-nelson-first-congressional-hearing. 

  〔41〕"A report: NASA fears China will conquer the Moon, promotes anti-White 'diversity' programs on Earth", Justice Report, JANUARY 19, 2023, https://justicereport.news/articles/2023/01/19/report-nasa-fears-china-will-conquer-the-moon-promotes-anti-white-diversity-programs-on-earth/.

  〔42〕Staff Writers, "NASA Chief slams China's refusal to cooperate with US", Space Daily,Washington, DC, April 27, 2022, https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/NASA_Chief_slams_Chinas_refusal_to_cooperate_with_US_999.html.


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